{"id":12166,"date":"2019-09-20T10:56:10","date_gmt":"2019-09-20T14:56:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/cleanenergycanada.org\/?p=12166"},"modified":"2022-11-01T18:35:46","modified_gmt":"2022-11-01T22:35:46","slug":"the-link-between-climate-change-and-the-health-of-canadians","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/cleanenergycanada.org\/the-link-between-climate-change-and-the-health-of-canadians\/","title":{"rendered":"Media brief: The link between climate change and the health of Canadians"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<p><em>Clean Energy Canada is a\nclimate and clean energy program at the <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/dialogue.html\"><em>Morris J. Wosk Centre for\nDialogue<\/em><\/a><em> at <\/em><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sfu.ca\/\"><em>Simon Fraser University<\/em><\/a><em>. Through media briefs, we aim to provide journalists with\nuseful factual and contextual information related to Canada\u2019s clean energy\ntransition. Please use this as a resource and let us know if there are any\ntopics that you would like to see for future media briefs. <\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Climate change is already negatively impacting the health of\nCanadians, impacts that will become more severe in relation to the extent of warming\nthat occurs. The link between airborne pollution from the combustion of fossil\nfuels and respiratory health is well-known. But as our climate changes, the\neffect of altering weather patterns on public health has also been the subject\nof considerable study, and increasingly, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/sep\/16\/climate-crisis-health-risks-extreme-weather\">media attention<\/a>.<a href=\"#_edn1\"><sup>[i]<\/sup><\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In fact, the impact of climate change is such that it has been\ndescribed as a <a href=\"https:\/\/cpha.ca\/climate-change-public-health-emergency\">public health emergency<\/a>,<a href=\"#_edn2\"><sup>[ii]<\/sup><\/a>\nand in February this year, representatives from five Canadian health organizations\ndescribed it as the \u201c<a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf\">greatest public health\nchallenge of the 21st century<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf\">.<\/a>\u201d <a href=\"#_edn3\"><sup>[iii]<\/sup><\/a>\nSimilarly, the World Health Organization has pronounced it to be the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/2007\/20071211_maryland\/en\/\">defining health issue of\nthe 21st century<\/a>.<a href=\"#_edn4\"><sup>[iv]<\/sup><\/a> <a href=\"https:\/\/theprovince.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/sasha-letourneau-kevin-liang-and-finola-hackett-medical-students-take-a-stand-on-climate-change\">Medical students in\nCanada<\/a> are joining the climate strikes, demanding stronger climate\naction to address public health issues.<a href=\"#_edn5\"><sup>[v]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.canada.ca\/en\/public-health\/services\/reports-publications\/health-promotion-chronic-disease-prevention-canada-research-policy-practice\/vol-39-no-4-2019\/climate-change-health-challenge-opportunity-public-health-canada.html\">Studies have shown that <\/a>taking climate action has\nmultiple health benefits, beyond just addressing climate change, \u201cranging from\nimproved physical activity resulting from active commuting, to reduced\nrespiratory illnesses from decreased air pollution.\u201d <a href=\"#_edn6\">[vi]<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>KEY FACTS<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Below are some of the recent key studies linking climate change\nto public health. Additionally, the <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Patient-Factsheet-Sept.-2019.pdf\">Canadian Association of\nPhysicians for the Environment<\/a> has produced a summary of the health risks.<a href=\"#_edn7\"><sup>[vii]<\/sup><\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Infectious disease:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>A <a href=\"https:\/\/www.morganstanley.com\/ideas\/climate-change-biopharma-infectious-diseases\">recent Morgan Stanley report<\/a> concludes that warming\ntemperatures will increase the risk of contracting an infectious disease in an\nadditional one-billion people over the coming 50 years.<a href=\"#_edn8\"><sup>[viii]<\/sup><\/a> <\/li><li>Due to warmer winters, <a href=\"https:\/\/ij-healthgeographics.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/1476-072X-7-24\">cases of Lyme disease\nincreased more than 300%<\/a> between 2009 and 2015. Without prompt treatment, Lyme disease\ncan lead to paralysis, arthritis, and in some cases death.<a href=\"#_edn9\"><sup>[ix]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Temperature increases are linked to increases in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5923808\/\">gastrointestinal\ninfections<\/a>,<a href=\"#_edn10\"><sup>[x]<\/sup><\/a>\nlike salmonella, from food and water contamination, while <a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3413071\">warming oceans have been\nshown<\/a> to promote algal blooms and bacteria that can affect human\nhealth.<a href=\"#_edn11\"><sup>[xi]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2019\/05\/190501114619.htm\">There is evidence that\nchanging environments<\/a> due to climate change is affecting instances of animal-to-human\ndisease transfer, like bird flu.<a href=\"#_edn12\"><sup>[xii]<\/sup><\/a><a href=\"#_edn13\"><sup>[xiii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Air pollution:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Fossil fuel combustion produces fine-particulate air pollution,\nwhich leads to the premature death of an estimated <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2018\/sc-hc\/H144-51-2017-eng.pdf\">14,400 people across\nCanada<\/a>.<a href=\"#_edn14\"><sup>[xiv]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Fine-particulate air pollution <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-Lancet-Countdown-Policy-Brief-Canada.pdf\">costs Canada overall\nabout $53.5 billion<\/a> in health-related costs per year.<a href=\"#_edn15\"><sup>[xv]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Air pollution has been shown to be especially harmful during\npregnancy and can <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001502821832154X\">increase risks of\nmiscarriage<\/a>,<a href=\"#_edn16\"><sup>[xvi]<\/sup><\/a>\nwith recent <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-11654-3\">research suggesting<\/a> particles of pollution\ncan cross the placental barrier and damage the fetus.<a href=\"#_edn17\"><sup>[xvii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Climate change will result in warmer, longer, and drier summers,\nwhich will <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Module-3-ready-to-upload-SOLO-April-5-2019.pdf\">increase air pollution\nrisks<\/a> from forest fires, dust storms, and smog.<a href=\"#_edn18\"><sup>[xviii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>While particulate air pollution remains the single largest\noverall threat to respiratory health, a multitude of other climate-related\nfactors also degrade air quality,<a href=\"#_edn19\"><sup>[xix]<\/sup><\/a>\nincluding:<ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2008\/hc-sc\/H128-1-08-528E.pdf\">Pollen from changing\ngrowing seasons.<\/a><a href=\"#_edn20\"><sup>[xx]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/drought\/index.html\">Dust from droughts.<\/a><a href=\"#_edn21\"><sup>[xxi]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><\/ul><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/pdf\/publications\/1793_Health_Impacts_Forest_Fires.pdf\">Smoke from wildfires.<\/a><a href=\"#_edn22\"><sup>[xxii]<\/sup><\/a> <\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Heatwaves: <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>The \u201cheat island effect\u201d intensifies temperatures in cities; as\nmore and more Canadians migrate to urban centres, <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/11\/2018-Lancet-Countdown-Policy-Brief-Canada.pdf\">health risks are likely\nto increase<\/a>.<a href=\"#_edn23\"><sup>[xxiii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>In Montreal, extreme heat\ncontributed to the premature death of 66 people in 2018<a href=\"#_edn24\"><sup>[xxiv]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Between 2021 and 2050, <a href=\"https:\/\/climateatlas.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/cityreports\/Toronto-EN.pdf\">experts anticipate<\/a> Toronto will see more than\n30 extreme heat days annually.<a href=\"#_edn25\"><sup>[xxv]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.plos.org\/plosmedicine\/article?id=10.1371\/journal.pmed.1002629\">A recent study<\/a> predicts that Canada could\nsee five times more heat-related deaths between 2031 and 2080, compared to 1984\nto 2015.<a href=\"#_edn26\"><strong><sup><strong><sup>[xxvi]<\/sup><\/strong><\/sup><\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Wildfire:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Wildfires have <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22475995\">exacerbated heart and\nlung conditions<\/a>, and in recent summers have kept thousands of Canadians\nindoors.<a href=\"#_edn27\"><sup>[xxvii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncceh.ca\/environmental-health-in-canada\/health-agency-projects\/wildfire-smoke-and-health\">Multiple studies have\nassociated increased smoke with respiratory illnesses<\/a>, which can lead to\nlong-term effects or death.<a href=\"#_edn28\"><sup>[xxviii]<\/sup><\/a>\nIncreases in wildfires places strain on public health infrastructure.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Additional health risks:&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; <\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>Displacement and emotional trauma from severe wildfire and\nflooding events can result in <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22475995\">produce post-traumatic\nstress disorder<\/a>.<a href=\"#_edn29\"><sup>[xxix]<\/sup><\/a>\nRecent wildfires in the northern territories <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.17269\/s41997-018-0070-5\">were reported to<\/a> have acute and long-term\nnegative impacts for mental and emotional well-being.<a href=\"#_edn30\"><sup>[xxx]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>As the intensity and frequency of such events increases, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/radio\/checkup\/growing-ecological-grief-is-the-mental-health-cost-of-climate-change-1.4871666\">Canadians will be\naffected<\/a> by compromised physical and mental well-being.<a href=\"#_edn31\"><sup>[xxxi]<\/sup><\/a>\nThe <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5984805\/\">impacts of climate change\non mental health<\/a> is typically thought to disproportionately affect those who are\nmost marginalized. <a href=\"#_edn32\"><sup>[xxxii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5621945\/\">Researchers have\ndocumented<\/a> serious anxiety and post-traumatic stress-disorder-type\nsymptoms among those impacted by the 2016 Fort McMurray fire.<a href=\"#_edn33\"><sup>[xxxiii]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf\">N<\/a><a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf\">orthern populations will\nbe disproportionately affected<\/a>, with climate change impacting traditional food sources leading\nto not only dietary\u2014but psychological and socio-cultural\u2014consequences.<a href=\"#_edn34\"><sup>[xxxiv]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li>Asthma, hay fever, and declines in lung function are worsening\nwith <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40248-015-0036-x\">more intense and prolonged pollen seasons<\/a>.<a href=\"#_edn35\"><sup>[xxxv]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf\">Damage to public health\ninfrastructure<\/a> from severe weather events is also likely to negatively impact\nCanadians\u2019 health.<a href=\"#_edn36\"><sup>[xxxvi]<\/sup><\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>RESOURCES<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/cleanenergycanada.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/MediaBrief_formatted_healthandCC-1.pdf\">Download this brief here<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref1\"><sup>[i]<\/sup><\/a> Carrington,\nDamian, The Guardian, September 17, 2019. \u201cAir pollution particles found on\nfoetal side of placentas \u2013 study.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/sep\/17\/air-pollution-particles-found-on-foetal-side-of-placentas-study?CMP=share_btn_tw\">https:\/\/www.theguardian.com\/environment\/2019\/sep\/17\/air-pollution-particles-found-on-foetal-side-of-placentas-study?CMP=share_btn_tw<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref2\"><sup>[ii]<\/sup><\/a>The Canadian\nPublic Health Association, \u201cClimate change is a public health emergency\u201d. &nbsp;April 5, 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/cpha.ca\/climate-change-public-health-emergency\">https:\/\/cpha.ca\/climate-change-public-health-emergency<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref3\"><sup>[iii]<\/sup><\/a> The Canadian\nPublic Health Association ,\u201cHealth Professionals to Federal Political Parties:\nAction Needed to Prevent Catastrophic Climate Change.\u201d Febuary 5, 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/health-professionals-federal-political-parties-action-needed-prevent-catastrophic-climate-change\">https:\/\/www.cpha.ca\/health-professionals-federal-political-parties-action-needed-prevent-catastrophic-climate-change<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref4\"><sup>[iv]<\/sup><\/a>\nChan, Margaret. The World Health Organization. &#8220;Climate change and health:\npreparing for unprecedented challenges.&#8221; December 10 2007.\nhttps:\/\/www.who.int\/dg\/speeches\/2007\/20071211_maryland\/en\/<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref5\"><sup>[v]<\/sup><\/a> Letourneau S,\nLiang K and Hackett F, The Province. \u201cSasha Letourneau, Kevin Liang and Finola\nHackett: Medical students take a stand on climate change.\u201d September 16,\n2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/theprovince.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/sasha-letourneau-kevin-liang-and-finola-hackett-medical-students-take-a-stand-on-climate-change\">https:\/\/theprovince.com\/opinion\/op-ed\/sasha-letourneau-kevin-liang-and-finola-hackett-medical-students-take-a-stand-on-climate-change<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref6\">[vi]<\/a> Smith\nKR, Woodward A, Campbell-Lendrum D, et al. Human health: impacts, adaptation,\nand co-benefits. In: Field CB, Barros VR, Dokken DJ, et al., editors. Climate\nChange 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability Part A: Global and Sectoral\nAspects Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the\nIntergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. London (UK): Cambridge University\nPress; 2014. p. 709-54. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf\">https:\/\/www.ipcc.ch\/site\/assets\/uploads\/2018\/02\/WGIIAR5-Chap11_FINAL.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref7\"><sup>[vii]<\/sup><\/a> The Canadian\nAssociation of Physicians for the Environment.\u201cHow Climate Change Affects Your\nHealth.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Patient-Factsheet-Sept.-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/Patient-Factsheet-Sept.-2019.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref8\"><sup>[viii]<\/sup><\/a>Morgan\nStanley, \u201cBiopharma, Climate Change and the Rise of Infectious Disease.\u201d August\n28, 2019.\nhttps:\/\/www.morganstanley.com\/ideas\/climate-change-biopharma-infectious-diseases<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref9\"><sup>[ix]<\/sup><\/a>Ogden\nNH, St-Onge L, Barker IK, Brazeau S, Bigras-Poulin M, Charron DF, Francis CM,\nHeagy A, Lindsay LR, Maarouf A, Michel P, Milord F, O&#8217;Callaghan CJ, Trudel L,\nThompson RA. \u201cRisk maps for range expansion of the Lyme disease vector, Ixodes\nscapularis, in Canada now and with climate change.\u201d <em>Int J Health Geogr<\/em>. 2008 May 22;7:24. doi: 10.1186\/1476-072X-7-24.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref10\"><sup>[x]<\/sup><\/a> \u201cGhazani, Maryam et al. \u201cTemperature\nVariability and Gastrointestinal Infections: A Review of Impacts and Future\nPerspectives.\u201d&nbsp;<em>International journal of\nenvironmental research and public health<\/em>&nbsp;vol. 15,4 766. 16 Apr. 2018, doi:10.3390\/ijerph15040766 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5923808\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5923808\/<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref11\"><sup>[xi]<\/sup><\/a>Craig, Robin Kundis, Warming Oceans, Coastal Diseases, and\nClimate Change Public Health Adaptation (June 30, 2019). Sea Grant Law &amp;\nPolicy Journal (2020, Forthcoming). Available at SSRN:&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3413071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/ssrn.com\/abstract=3413071<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref12\"><sup>[xii]<\/sup><\/a> Science\nDaily, \u201cChanging climate may affect animal-to-human disease transfer.\u201d May 1,\n2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2019\/05\/190501114619.htm\">https:\/\/www.sciencedaily.com\/releases\/2019\/05\/190501114619.htm<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref13\"><sup>[xiii]<\/sup><\/a>\nGovernment of Canada, Health Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. \u201cScience\nNarrative: Climate Change Impacts on the Health of Canadians.\u201d April 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf\">http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref14\"><sup>[xiv]<\/sup><\/a>\nHealth Canada. \u201cHealth Impacts of Air Pollution in Canada: An estimate of\npremature mortalities.\u201d November 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2018\/sc-hc\/H144-51-2017-eng.pdf\">http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2018\/sc-hc\/H144-51-2017-eng.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref15\"><sup>[xv]<\/sup><\/a>\nHoward C, Rose C, Rivers N. \u201cLancet Countdown 2018 Report: Briefing for\nCanadian Policymakers.\u201d Canadian Medical Association, Canadian Public Health\nAssociation, The Lancet. November 2018. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.lancetcountdown.org\/media\/1418\/2018-lancet-countdown-policy-brief-canada.pdf\">http:\/\/www.lancetcountdown.org\/media\/1418\/2018-lancet-countdown-policy-brief-canada.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref16\"><sup>[xvi]<\/sup><\/a> Claire L.\nLeiser, Heidi A. Hanson, Kara Sawyer, Jacob Steenblik, Ragheed Al-Dulaimi, Troy\nMadsen, Karen Gibbins, James M. Hotaling, Yetunde Oluseye Ibrahim, James A. VanDerslice,\nMatthew Fuller. \u201cAcute effects of air pollutants on spontaneous pregnancy loss:\na case-crossover study.\u201d Fertility and Sterility, Volume 111, Issue 2,<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>2019,\n<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.028\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2018.10.028<\/a>.\n<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001502821832154X\">https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S001502821832154X<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref17\"><sup>[xvii]<\/sup><\/a>Bov\u00e9,\nHannelore, Bongaerts, Eva, Slenders, Eli, Bijnens, Esm\u00e9e M., Saenen, Nelly D., Gyselaers,\nWilfried, Van Eyken, Peter, Plusquin, Michelle, Roeffaers, Maarten B. J., Ameloot,\nMarcel, Nawrot, Tim S., 2019, Ambient black carbon particles reach the fetal\nside of human placenta, Nature Communications, 3866, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-11654-3\">https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41467-019-11654-3<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref18\"><sup>[xviii]<\/sup><\/a>\nCanadian Association of Physicians for the Environment (CAPE). Climate Change\nToolkit for Health Professionals: Module 3 \u2013 Climate Change Health Impacts\nacross Canada. April 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Module-3-ready-to-upload-SOLO-April-5-2019.pdf\">https:\/\/cape.ca\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/04\/Module-3-ready-to-upload-SOLO-April-5-2019.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref19\"><sup>[xix]<\/sup><\/a>\nGovernment of Canada. \u201cEnvironment Canada. Canadian Environmental\nSustainability Indicators.\u201d November 2006. <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/Collection\/Statcan\/16-251-X\/16-251-XIE2006000.pdf\">http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/Collection\/Statcan\/16-251-X\/16-251-XIE2006000.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref20\"><sup>[xx]<\/sup><\/a>\nS\u00e9guin, Jacinthe. Government of Canada. Health Canada. \u201cHuman Health in a\nChanging Climate: A Canadian Assessment of Vulnerabilities and Adaptive\nCapacity.\u201d 2008. <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2008\/hc-sc\/H128-1-08-528E.pdf\">http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2008\/hc-sc\/H128-1-08-528E.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref21\"><sup>[xxi]<\/sup><\/a>\nU.S. Department of Health &amp; Human Services. Centers for Disease Control and\nPrevention. National Center for Environmental Health. \u201cDrought and Your\nHealth.\u201d <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/drought\/index.html\">https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/features\/drought\/index.html<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref22\"><sup>[xxii]<\/sup><\/a>Benmarhnia,\nTarik. Mathlouthi, Fatma. Smargiassi, Audrey. Institut national de sant\u00e9\npublique du Qu\u00e9bec (INSPQ) Chair on Air Pollution, Climate Change and Health.\n\u201cHealth Impacts of Particles from Forest Fires.\u201d 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/pdf\/publications\/1793_Health_Impacts_Forest_Fires.pdf\">https:\/\/www.inspq.qc.ca\/pdf\/publications\/1793_Health_Impacts_Forest_Fires.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref23\"><sup>[xxiii]<\/sup><\/a>\nHealth Canada. Water, Air and Climate Change Bureau. Healthy Environments and\nConsumer Safety Branch. \u201cHeat Alert and Response Systems to Protect Health:\nBest Practices Guidebook.\u201d 2012.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref24\"><sup>[xxiv]<\/sup><\/a>Lowrie,Megan, The Canadian Press,\n\u201cMontreal unveils plan to respond to heat waves after 66 deaths last year\u201d,\nJuly 4, 2019<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref25\"><sup>[xxv]<\/sup><\/a>\nPrairie Climate Centre. Climate Change and Canada\u2019s Cities. \u201cClimate Atlas of\nToronto.\u201d March 2019 <a href=\"https:\/\/climateatlas.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/cityreports\/Toronto-EN.pdf\">https:\/\/climateatlas.ca\/sites\/default\/files\/cityreports\/Toronto-EN.pdf<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref26\"><sup>[xxvi]<\/sup><\/a> Guo, Yuming et al, PLOS|Medicine, \u201c\nQuantifying excess deaths related to heatwaves under climate change scenarios:\nA multicountry time series modelling study\u201d, July 31, 2018.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref27\"><sup>[xxvii]<\/sup><\/a>Henderson\nS., Johnston F. \u201cMeasures of forest fire smoke exposure and their associations\nwith respiratory health outcomes.\u201d <em>Current\nOpinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology<\/em>. 2012 Jun;12(3):221-7. doi:\n10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328353351f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22475995\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22475995<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref28\"><sup>[xxviii]<\/sup><\/a>National Collaborating\nCentre for Environmental Health. \u201cWildfire Smoke and Health.\u201d Accessed\nSeptemeber 2019. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.ncceh.ca\/environmental-health-in-canada\/health-agency-projects\/wildfire-smoke-and-health\">http:\/\/www.ncceh.ca\/environmental-health-in-canada\/health-agency-projects\/wildfire-smoke-and-health<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref29\"><sup>[xxix]<\/sup><\/a> Henderson\nS., Johnston F. \u201cMeasures of forest fire smoke exposure and their associations\nwith respiratory health outcomes.\u201d <em>Current\nOpinion in Allergy and Clinical Immunology<\/em>. 2012 Jun;12(3):221-7. doi:\n10.1097\/ACI.0b013e328353351f. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22475995\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pubmed\/22475995<\/a>\n<em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref30\"><sup>[xxx]<\/sup><\/a>Dodd, W., Scott, P., Howard, C. et al. &nbsp;\u201cLived experience of a record wildfire season\nin the Northwest Territories, Canada.\u201d Can J Public Health (2018) 109: 327.\nhttps:\/\/doi.org\/10.17269\/s41997-018-0070-5 <a href=\"https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.17269\/s41997-018-0070-5\">https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.17269\/s41997-018-0070-5<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref31\"><sup>[xxxi]<\/sup><\/a>McCue,\nDuncan. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. \u201cGrowing \u2018ecological grief\u2019 is the\nmental health cost of climate change.\u201d October 21, 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/radio\/checkup\/growing-ecological-grief-is-the-mental-health-cost-of-climate-change-1.4871666\">https:\/\/www.cbc.ca\/radio\/checkup\/growing-ecological-grief-is-the-mental-health-cost-of-climate-change-1.4871666<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref32\"><sup>[xxxii]<\/sup><\/a> Hayes, Katie et al. \u201cClimate change and mental health: risks, impacts and priority actions.\u201d&nbsp;<em>International journal of mental health systems<\/em>&nbsp;vol. 12 28. 1 Jun. 2018, doi:10.1186\/s13033-018-0210-6 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5984805\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5984805\/<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref33\"><sup>[xxxiii]<\/sup><\/a>\nGovernment of Alberta. Alberta Health, Health Standards, Quality and\nPerformance Division. Analytics and Performance Reporting Branch. Health A.\n\u201cImpact of Wildfires on the Mental Health of Fort McMurray Residents: Neurotic\nDisorders, Daily Physician Visits within an Emergency Department 2015 vs.\n2016.\u201d 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5621945\/\">https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5621945\/<\/a>\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref34\"><sup>[xxxiv]<\/sup><\/a>Government\nof Canada, Health Canada, Public Health Agency of Canada. \u201cScience Narrative:\nClimate Change Impacts on the Health of Canadians.\u201d April 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf\">http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf<\/a><em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref35\"><sup>[xxxv]<\/sup><\/a> D\u2019Amato, Gennaro <em>et al<\/em>. \u201cEffects on asthma and respiratory allergy of Climate change and air pollution.\u201d <em>Multidisciplinary Respiratory Medicine<\/em>. December 22, 2015. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1186\/s40248-015-0036-x <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"#_ednref36\"><sup>[xxxvi]<\/sup><\/a> Government of Canada, Health Canada,\nPublic Health Agency of Canada. \u201cScience Narrative: Climate Change Impacts on\nthe Health of Canadians.\u201d April 2017. <a href=\"http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf\">http:\/\/publications.gc.ca\/collections\/collection_2017\/aspc-phac\/HP5-122-2017-eng.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n<div class=\"pdfprnt-buttons pdfprnt-buttons-post pdfprnt-bottom-right\"><a href=\"https:\/\/cleanenergycanada.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/12166?print=print\" class=\"pdfprnt-button pdfprnt-button-print\" target=\"_blank\" ><span class=\"pdfprnt-button-title pdfprnt-button-print-title\">Print this article<\/span><\/a><\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"Clean Energy Canada is a climate and clean energy program at the Morris J. Wosk Centre for Dialogue at Simon Fraser University. 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